Indias Look East Policy

India’s Look East Policy is an effort being made by the Indian government to cultivate and strengthen economic and strategic relations with the nations of Southeast Asia in order to solidify its standing as a  regional power.  This aspect of India’s foreign policy also serves to position India as a counterweight to the strategic influence of the Peoples Republic of China in the region. The Look East Policy Initiated in 1991, it marked a strategic shift in India’s perspective of the world. It was developed and enacted during the government of Prime Minister  P.V. Narasimha Rao  and has continued to enjoy energetic support from the successive administrations of  Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Manmohan Singh, and Narendra Modi, each of whom represents a different political party in India. India’s Pre-1991 Foreign Policy Before the fall of the Soviet Union, India made scant efforts to foster close relationships with the governments of Southeast Asia. There are several reasons for this. First, due to its colonial history, India’s ruling elite in the post-1947 era had an overwhelmingly pro-Western orientation. Western countries also made for better trade partners as they were significantly more developed than India’s neighbors. Second, India’s physical access to Southeast Asia was barred by Myanmar’s isolationist policies as well as Bangladesh’s refusal to provide transit facilities through its territory. Third, India and the Southeast Asian countries were on opposing sides of the Cold War divide.   India’s lack of interest in and access to Southeast Asia between its independence and the fall of the Soviet Union left much of Southeast Asia open to China’s influence. This came first in the form of China’s territorial expansionist policies. Following Deng Xiaoping’s ascent to leadership in China in 1979, China replaced its policy of expansionism with campaigns to foster extensive trade and economic relations with other Asian nations. During this period, China became the closest partner and supporter of the  military junta  of Burma, which had been ostracized from the international community following the violent suppression of pro-democracy activities  in 1988. According to former Indian Ambassador Rajiv Sikri, India missed a crucial opportunity during this period to leverage India’s shared colonial experience, cultural affinities, and lack of historical baggage to build strong economic and strategic relations with Southeast Asia. Implementation of the Policy In 1991, India experienced an economic crisis that coincided with the fall of the Soviet Union, which had previously been one of India’s most valued economic and strategic partners. This prompted Indian leaders to reevaluate their economic and foreign policy, which led to at least two major shifts in India’s position toward its neighbors. First, India replaced its protectionist economic policy with a more liberal one, opening up to higher levels of trade and striving to expand regional markets. Second, under the leadership of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao, India ceased to view South Asia and Southeast Asia as separate strategic theaters.   Much of India’s Look East Policy involves Myanmar, which is the only Southeast Asian country that shares a border with India and is seen as India’s gateway to Southeast Asia. In 1993, India reversed its policy of support for Myanmar’s pro-democracy movement and began courting the friendship of the ruling military junta. Since then, the Indian government and, to a lesser extent, private Indian corporations, have sought and secured lucrative contracts for industrial and infrastructure projects, including the construction of highways, pipelines, and ports. Before the implementation of the Look East Policy, China enjoyed a monopoly over Myanmar’s vast oil and natural gas reserves. Today, competition between India and China over these energy resources remains high.   Furthermore, while China remains Myanmar’s biggest weapons supplier, India has boosted its military cooperation with Myanmar. India has offered to train elements of the Myanmar Armed Forces and share intelligence with Myanmar in an effort to increase coordination between the two countries in combating insurgents in India’s Northeastern States. Several insurgent groups maintain bases in Myanmar territory. India Reaches Out Since 2003, India has also embarked on a campaign to forge free trade agreements with countries and regional blocs throughout Asia. The South Asia Free Trade Agreement, which created a  free trade area  of 1.6 billion people in  Bangladesh,  Bhutan,  India,  Maldives,  Nepal,  Pakistan, and  Sri Lanka, came into effect in 2006. The  ASEAN-India Free Trade Area  (AIFTA), a  free trade area  among the 10 member states of the  Association of Southeast Asian Nations  (ASEAN) and  India, came into effect in 2010. India also has separate free trade agreements with Sri Lanka, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia. India has also boosted its cooperation with Asian regional groupings such as ASEAN, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). High-level diplomatic visits between India and the countries associated with these groupings have become increasingly common in the last decade.   During his state visit to Myanmar in 2012, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced many new bilateral initiatives and signed around a dozen MOUs, in addition to extending a line of credit for $500 million. Since then, Indian companies have made significant economic and trade agreements in infrastructure and other areas. Some of the major projects taken up by India include the resurfacing and upgrading of the 160-kilometer Tamu-Kalewa-Kalemyo road and the Kaladan project that will connect Kolkata Port with Sittwe Port in Myanmar (which is still in progress). Bus service from Imphal, India, to Mandalay, Myanmar, was planned to launch in October 2014. After these infrastructure projects, Indias next step is connecting the India-Myanmar highway network to the existing portions of the Asian Highway Network, which will connect India to Thailand and the rest of Southeast Asia.

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Personal Development Portfolio Career Goals - 2054 Words

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Database Management System System for CQ-Council

Question: Describe about the Report for Database Management System of System for CQ-Council. Answer: Entity relationship diagram of information system for CQ-council Figure 1: ER Diagram of information system for CQ-Council (Source: Created by author) Business rules and assumptions The business rules define the organization objective and regulations, which include a complete outline boundary for access for some specific users. Every organization must follow cardinality and modality criteria for developing their information system. Here the CQ-council wants to develop an information system to manage their urban area via online applications. From this study, the developer has identified that several areas use for the commercial and residential purpose. As per their assumption, the CQ-council decided that this information system does entire plot purchasing, construction, solving applicants issues and promotion of the plots. The CQ-council wants to provide a system to record details information of followings: An owner of the plots. If an owner wants to merge, two or more plots or subdivided a plot. Separate and count all plots in a suburban area. Store all suburban areas information. Now the developer created the entity relationship diagram according to the relationship between all entities. Each relation has a business rule, which is listed below: An applicant must follow the council policy when a request for any service. An applicant can get a service after council investigation officer investigates and mark this request as a valid. The application must have valid information for plot and land lot. Plot owners must give application to merge or subdivide their plots. Each application must contain information of three boundaries of a plot. If request a construction service then the application must acknowledge before a period. An applicant can get clearance tag only if the application is complying with the councils developmental policies. 3NF Relations In this section, the developer, define the relationships in the above ER-diagram (figure 1). Here these relations are shown in a particular format, which represent the relationship between entities. OwnerOfLot (OOLID, Fullname, PhoneNumber, AccountDetails, Address) ConstructorCategory (CCID, FullName, TypeDetails) CQInspector (CQI_Code, FullName, Email, PhoneNumber) CQLandAggreement (CQLA_Code, Name, AdditionalDetails) ClearanceOfApplication (CAcode, SDcode, CQI_Code, survayResult, ApplicantStatement, EAcode) Foreign key (SDcode) references ServiceDetails (SDcode) Foreign key (CQI_Code) references CQInspector (CQI_Code) Foreign key (EAcode) references EvaluationofApplication (EAcode) ServiceDetails (SDcode, ServiceTitle, ServiceArea, TotalNumberOfWorker, Progress) Constructor (Con_ID, FullName, CCID, CI_Code, WorkStatusCode) Foreign key (CCID) references ConstructorCategory (CCID) Foreign key (CI_Code) references ConstructorInfo (CI_Code) Foreign key (WorkStatusCode) references ConstructorWorkingStatus (CWS_ID) Plot (Plot_ID, LongitudeAndLatitude, AreaName, OP_code, TotalVolume, OOLID, TypeName, CQLA_Code) Foreign key (OP_code) references ObjectionForPlot (OP_code) Foreign key (OOLID) references OwnerOfLot (OOLID) Foreign key (CQLA_Code) references CQLandAggreement (CQLA_Code) EvaluationofApplication (EAcode, Title, Declaration, PassingFlag) Sector (SectorCode, SectorVolumn, CQCA_Code, SectorDetails, SectorType, NTcode, OP_code) Foreign key (CQCA_Code) references CQCouncilAdministrator (CQCA_Code) Foreign key (NTcode) references NoticeType (NTCode) Foreign key (SectorType) references SectorType (STcode) Foreign key (OP_code) references ObjectionForPlot (OP_code) ObjectionForPlot (OP_code, ObjectionAreaName, NumberOfParameters) ConstructorInfo (CI_Code, experienceSurvayReport, Rating, TenderInfo) ConstructorWorkingStatus (CWS_ID, CurrentProjectStatus, TotalWorkerCapacity) Applications (App_ID, Subject, Purposetype, MessageBody) Notice (Ncode, FullTitle, DateTime, Description, NTCode) Foreign key (NTCode) references NoticeType (NTCode) NoticeType (NTCode, NCdetails, Rating) SectorType (STcode, TypeTitle, sectorDetails) RequireService (RS_Code, ServiceType, NumberOfUnit, OP_code) Foreign key (OP_code) references ObjectionForPlot (OP_code) Complaint (Com_ID, Date, EmergencyContact, App_ID, OOLID, plotObjectionTypeCode) Foreign key (App_ID) references Applications (App_ID) Foreign key (OOLID) references OwnerOfLot (OOLID) Foreign key (plotObjectionTypeCode) references ComplaintPlotType (plotObjectionTypeCode) ComplaintPlotType (CPTcode, TypeName, ComplaintAutority) RejectedComplaint (RC_code, Reason, CertifyAuthority, CQCA_Code, Com_ID) Foreign key (CQCA_Code) references CQCouncilAdministrator (CQCA_Code) Foreign key (Com_ID) references complaint (Com_ID) CQCouncilAdministrator (CQCA_Code, FullName, PhoneNumber, Email, DepCode) Foreign key (DepCode) references complaint (DepCode) CQdepartment (DepCode, DepartmentTitle, ServiceInfo, Type) Bibliography Coronel, C. and Morris, S., 2016. Database systems: design, implementation, management. Cengage Learning. Larman, C., 2012. Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object Oriented Analysis and Design and Interative Development. Pearson Education India.